ideology in which 'society becomes a circular "expressive" totality, history a homogeneous flow of linear time, philosophy a self-consciousness of the historical process, class struggle a combat of collective "subjects", capitalism a universe essentially defined by alienation, communism a state of true humanism beyond alienation' ( Considerations on Western Marxism, London 1976, p. 70).
4. Bhikhu Parekh, Marx's Theory of Ideology, London 1982, pp. 171-2.
5. Like most analogies, this one limps: the Hegelian Idea is really its own creation, whereas the proletariat, far from being self-generating, is for Marxism an effect of the process of capital.
6. Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, Oxford 1978, vol. 3, p. 270 (my parenthesis).
7. Lukács, History and Class Consciousness, p. 83. For useful discussions of Lukács's thought, see A. Arato and P. Breines, The Young Lukács, London 1979, ch. 8; and Michael Löwy, Georg Lukács -- From Romanticism to Bolshevism, London 1979, part 4.
8. Lukács, History and Class Consciousness, p. 52.
9. Gareth Stedman Jones, "'The Marxism of the Early Lukács: An Evaluation'", New Left Review, 70, November/December 1971.
10. Nicos Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Classes, London 1973, part 3, ch. 2. It should be pointed out that Lukács does in fact hold that there are heterogeneous 'levels' of ideology.
11. See Ernesto Laclau, Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory, London 1977, ch. 3.
12. Lukács, History and Class Consciousness, p. 76.
13. Ibid., p. 70.
14. See Lucio Colletti, Marxism and Hegel, London 1973, ch. 10.
15. Lukács, History and Class Consciousness, p. 54.
16. Ibid., p. 50.
17. Ibid., p. 69.
18. Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia, London 1954, p. 87. There are suggestive critiques of Mannheim in Jorge Larrain, The Concept of Ideology, London 1979; and in Nigel Abercrombie, Class, Structure and Knowledge, Oxford 1980. See also Bhikhu Parekh's essay in R. Benewick, ed., Knowledge and Belief in Politics, London 1973.
19. Perry Anderson, "'The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci'", New Life Review, 100, November 1976/ January 1977.
20. Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature, Oxford 1977, p. 112. For a historical study of political hegemony in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century England, see Francis Hearn, Domination, Legitimation, and Resistance, Westport, CT 1978.
21. See my The Ideology of the Aesthetic, Oxford 1990, chs 1 and 2.
22. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. A. Hoare and G. Nowell-Smith , London 1971, p. 376.
23. See, on this topic, Alberto Maria Cirese, "'Gramsci's Observations on Folklore'", in Anne Showstack Sassoon, ed., Approaches to Granuci, London 1982.
24. Quoted in Cirese, "'Gramsci's Observations'", p. 226.
25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, p. 424.
26. Ibid., p. 328.
27. See Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious, London 1981, pp. 114-15.
28. See Theodor W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, London 1984.
29. Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, London 1973, p. 161.
30. Ibid., p. 150.
31. Ibid., p. 6.
32. See Jurgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, 2 vols, Boston, MA 1984.
33. Quoted by Thomas McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas, London 1978, p. 273.
34. Quoted in Peter Dews, ed., Habermas: Autonomy and Solidarity, London 1986, p. 51.
35. McCarthy, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas, p. 56.
36. Quoted ibid., p. 201.

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Publication Information: Book Title: Mapping Ideology. Contributors: Slavoj Žižek - editor. Publisher: Verso. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 1994. Page Number: 225.